We gave the mother a face that was nothing but a round wooden ball, which displayed no trace of shame. To the baby monkey this featureless face became beautiful, and she frequently caressed it with hands and legs, beginning around 3040 days of age. By the time the baby had reached 90 days of age we had constructed an appropriate ornamental cloth mother face, and we proudly mounted it on the surrogate's body. The baby took one look and screamed.
She fled to the back of the cage and cringed in autistic type posturing. After some days of terror the infant solved the medusa mother problem in a most ingenious manner. She revolved the face 180 degrees so that she always faced a bare round ball! Furthermore, we could rotate the maternal face dozens of times and within an hour or so the infant would turn it around 180.
Within a week the baby resolved her faceable problem once and for all. She lifted the maternal head from the body, rolled it into the corner, and abandoned it. No one can blame the baby. She had lived with and loved a faceless mother, but she could not love a two faced mother.
Another set of experiments by Liddell could be entitled "Waiting for the Other Shoe." A sheep is shocked with a very mild, tickling current, which alarms the animal when it is strapped down and unable to escape. Just before the shock is administered, a metronome beats 60 times per minute. When the clicking has continued for five to ten seconds on ten occasions, a conditioned reflex, or prejudice, will have been formed, though not firmly. After experiencing 100 coincidences of the metronome beats and the shocks to its foreleg, the sheep will be prejudiced against the sound of the metronome for life, unable ever again to listen to the metronome with equanimity. Indeed, the clicking of a typewriter visibly disturbs it.
The metronome is then set to click twice as fast, 120 beats per minute, but no shock is administered to the animal, which is very alert to the sound and ready to be shocked. After several days of hearing the metronome without being shocked, the animal is severely agitated, easily startled, bleats, urinates and defecates frequently, and shows irregular rapid respiration and heart action. In addition, its rest at night is disturbed and normal gregariousness severely damaged. When returned to the flock, it no longer moves along with the other sheep and becomes an easy prey to marauding dogs. If the animal is then returned to the laboratory and experiences 72 beats per minute, then 60 beats per minute without shock, and then shock is administered, instead of eliciting the slight foreleg movement that occurred at 60 beats per minute earlier, the shock now elicits an explosive leap upward, followed by relief of tension. This reaction is similar to that of the hen with the worm, described above. It appears that the animal expected the shock, and when it did not occur, became agitated. - 42574
She fled to the back of the cage and cringed in autistic type posturing. After some days of terror the infant solved the medusa mother problem in a most ingenious manner. She revolved the face 180 degrees so that she always faced a bare round ball! Furthermore, we could rotate the maternal face dozens of times and within an hour or so the infant would turn it around 180.
Within a week the baby resolved her faceable problem once and for all. She lifted the maternal head from the body, rolled it into the corner, and abandoned it. No one can blame the baby. She had lived with and loved a faceless mother, but she could not love a two faced mother.
Another set of experiments by Liddell could be entitled "Waiting for the Other Shoe." A sheep is shocked with a very mild, tickling current, which alarms the animal when it is strapped down and unable to escape. Just before the shock is administered, a metronome beats 60 times per minute. When the clicking has continued for five to ten seconds on ten occasions, a conditioned reflex, or prejudice, will have been formed, though not firmly. After experiencing 100 coincidences of the metronome beats and the shocks to its foreleg, the sheep will be prejudiced against the sound of the metronome for life, unable ever again to listen to the metronome with equanimity. Indeed, the clicking of a typewriter visibly disturbs it.
The metronome is then set to click twice as fast, 120 beats per minute, but no shock is administered to the animal, which is very alert to the sound and ready to be shocked. After several days of hearing the metronome without being shocked, the animal is severely agitated, easily startled, bleats, urinates and defecates frequently, and shows irregular rapid respiration and heart action. In addition, its rest at night is disturbed and normal gregariousness severely damaged. When returned to the flock, it no longer moves along with the other sheep and becomes an easy prey to marauding dogs. If the animal is then returned to the laboratory and experiences 72 beats per minute, then 60 beats per minute without shock, and then shock is administered, instead of eliciting the slight foreleg movement that occurred at 60 beats per minute earlier, the shock now elicits an explosive leap upward, followed by relief of tension. This reaction is similar to that of the hen with the worm, described above. It appears that the animal expected the shock, and when it did not occur, became agitated. - 42574
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